Existing theories on the nature of spirituality range from the suggestion that human minds are inherently predisposed to spirituality, to the idea that spirituality developed adaptively to offer moral guidance and to promote mutually beneficial, cooperative behaviors.
Spirituality therefore forms a multidimensional theoretical construct. In essence, it constitutes transcendence understood as going beyond or above "the real I." In this context, spirituality is defined as experiencing transcendence through inner peace, harmony, or connectedness to others (Boswell et al., 2006). Transcendence can take place
Maslow's theory might be one of the most powerful perspectives on humans' growth. It suggests that people have a strong desire to realize their full potential, reach their self-actualization and
This Positive Religious and Spiritual Development (PRSD) theory posits that people's religiousness/spirituality (a) is motivated by goals designed to meet psychological needs (e.g., for acceptance, predictability, and competence); (b) consists of mental/neural representations (stored beliefs, emotions, action tendencies, and physiological respon
In addition, as posited in Davis et al.'s (Chap. 18, this volume) positive religious/spiritual development theory, people's psychological needs may drive their R/S and thereby their well-being. For instance, religious/spiritual social resources can fulfill psychological needs for acceptance, trust, and self-esteem/status and thereby account
Spirituality is consistently defined by scientists as the search for, or communion with, the sacred ( Pargament et al., 2013b ). This has become nearly a consensual definition among scientists in the study of spirituality as this definition is reflected in approximately two-thirds of studies on the topic ( Kapuscinski and Masters, 2010 ).
Spirituality can be defined generally as an individual's search for ultimate or sacred meaning, and purpose in life. Additionally it can mean to seek out or search for personal growth, religious experience, belief in a supernatural realm or afterlife, or to make sense of one's own "inner dimension".
On the one hand, religion involves beliefs, practices, and rituals related to the transcendent; on the other hand, spirituality is a broader concept, which includes the personal quest for understanding answers to ultimate questions about life, life meaning, and relationship with the sacred or transcendent [ 1 ].
components of spirituality/spiritual well-being, but it seems to be separated from roots in organized religion. The concept of spiritual well-being has served the same purpose as the disengagement theory in creating a focus for the discussion of religiosity, spirituality, and aging. Ellison (1983) argues that the discussions and con-
Spiritualities, including those associated with the world religions, take a variety of different forms. These forms are expressed in wisdom teachings, spiritual practices, and approaches to everyday life as well as in distinctive theories of spiritual growth and transformation.
Did any of those past theories emphasize spirituality in distilling core meanings of optimal human functioning? This inquiry illuminates an important theoretical issue: namely, the conceptual distinctiveness versus overlap in conceptions of spirituality and psychological well-being.
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what are the theories of spirituality
